Apa Itu Tenses?
Tenses adalah pola atau bentuk kalimat yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan kapan suatu tindakan, kejadian, atau keadaan terjadi.
Dalam bahasa Indonesia, kita biasanya cukup menambahkan keterangan waktu seperti kemarin, sekarang, atau besok. Namun, dalam bahasa Inggris, bentuk kata kerja juga berubah sesuai waktu kejadiannya.
Contoh:
Saya makan sekarang → I eat now.
Saya makan kemarin → I ate yesterday.
Saya akan makan besok → I will eat tomorrow.
Perhatikan bahwa kata kerja eat berubah menjadi ate ketika menceritakan masa lalu.
Fungsi Tenses dalam Bahasa Inggris
1. Menunjukkan Waktu Terjadinya Kejadian
Tenses membantu menjelaskan apakah suatu peristiwa terjadi:
Sekarang (Present)
Masa lalu (Past)
Masa depan (Future)
2. Menunjukkan Durasi
Beberapa tenses dapat menjelaskan berapa lama suatu aktivitas berlangsung.
3. Menunjukkan Proses atau Kesinambungan
Tenses dapat menjelaskan apakah suatu kegiatan:
Sedang berlangsung
Sudah selesai
Masih berlanjut
4. Menunjukkan Urutan Kejadian
Tenses membantu menjelaskan kejadian mana yang terjadi lebih dulu dan mana yang terjadi kemudian.
Kelompok 16 Tenses
| Kelompok | Waktu |
|---|---|
| Present Tense | Sekarang |
| Past Tense | Masa lalu |
| Future Tense | Masa depan |
| Past Future Tense | Masa depan dari sudut pandang masa lalu |
Masing-masing kelompok terdiri dari 4 jenis tenses.
PRESENT TENSES
1. Simple Present Tense
Fungsi
Digunakan untuk:
Kebiasaan sehari-hari
Fakta umum
Jadwal tetap
Kebenaran ilmiah
Rumus
Positif:
Subject + V1
Negatif:
Subject + do/does + not + V1
Interogatif:
Do/Does + Subject + V1?
Contoh
Positif:
My brother plays football every weekend.
Negatif:
My brother does not play football every weekend.
Interogatif:
Does my brother play football every weekend?
Tips Mudah
Jika aktivitas dilakukan berulang kali atau menjadi kebiasaan, gunakan Simple Present.
Kata keterangan yang sering muncul:
Always
Usually
Often
Sometimes
Every day
Every week
2. Present Continuous Tense
Fungsi
Digunakan untuk:
Aktivitas yang sedang berlangsung saat ini.
Rencana yang sudah pasti dilakukan dalam waktu dekat.
Rumus
Positif:
Subject + am/is/are + V-ing
Negatif:
Subject + am/is/are + not + V-ing
Interogatif:
Am/Is/Are + Subject + V-ing?
Contoh
Positif:
They are studying in the library.
Negatif:
They are not studying in the library.
Interogatif:
Are they studying in the library?
Tips Mudah
Jika bisa ditambahkan kata "sedang", biasanya menggunakan Present Continuous.
Contoh:
"Saya sedang belajar."
→ I am studying.
3. Present Perfect Tense
Fungsi
Digunakan untuk menyatakan:
Kejadian yang sudah selesai.
Hasil atau dampaknya masih terasa sampai sekarang.
Rumus
Positif:
Subject + have/has + V3
Negatif:
Subject + have/has + not + V3
Interogatif:
Have/Has + Subject + V3?
Contoh
Positif:
I have finished my homework.
Negatif:
I have not finished my homework.
Interogatif:
Have you finished your homework?
Tips Mudah
Fokusnya bukan kapan kejadian terjadi, tetapi hasilnya saat ini.
Contoh:
"I have lost my wallet."
Artinya dompet hilang dan sampai sekarang masih belum ditemukan.
4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Fungsi
Digunakan untuk menunjukkan aktivitas yang:
Dimulai di masa lalu.
Masih berlangsung sampai sekarang.
Menekankan durasi.
Rumus
Positif:
Subject + have/has + been + V-ing
Negatif:
Subject + have/has + not + been + V-ing
Interogatif:
Have/Has + Subject + been + V-ing?
Contoh
Positif:
She has been practicing piano for three hours.
Negatif:
She has not been practicing piano for three hours.
Interogatif:
Has she been practicing piano for three hours?
Tips Mudah
Jika ada kata:
For two hours
For a week
Since Monday
biasanya tense ini sering digunakan.
PAST TENSES
5. Simple Past Tense
Fungsi
Digunakan untuk menyatakan kejadian yang:
Terjadi di masa lalu.
Sudah selesai.
Rumus
Positif:
Subject + V2
Negatif:
Subject + did not + V1
Interogatif:
Did + Subject + V1?
Contoh
Positif:
We visited Bali last year.
Negatif:
We did not visit Bali last year.
Interogatif:
Did you visit Bali last year?
Tips Mudah
Jika ada waktu yang jelas di masa lalu, gunakan Simple Past.
Contoh:
Yesterday
Last night
Last month
Two days ago
6. Past Continuous Tense
Fungsi
Digunakan untuk:
Aktivitas yang sedang berlangsung pada waktu tertentu di masa lalu.
Dua aktivitas yang terjadi bersamaan di masa lalu.
Rumus
Positif:
Subject + was/were + V-ing
Negatif:
Subject + was/were + not + V-ing
Interogatif:
Was/Were + Subject + V-ing?
Contoh
Positif:
I was watching TV at 8 p.m.
Negatif:
I was not watching TV at 8 p.m.
Interogatif:
Were you watching TV at 8 p.m.?
Contoh Dua Aktivitas
She was cooking when her friend called.
Tips Mudah
Biasanya muncul pola:
Past Continuous + when + Simple Past
7. Past Perfect Tense
Fungsi
Digunakan untuk menunjukkan kejadian yang terjadi lebih dulu sebelum kejadian lain di masa lalu.
Rumus
Positif:
Subject + had + V3
Negatif:
Subject + had + not + V3
Interogatif:
Had + Subject + V3?
Contoh
Positif:
They had left before the meeting started.
Negatif:
They had not left before the meeting started.
Interogatif:
Had they left before the meeting started?
Tips Mudah
Pikirkan seperti:
Masa lalu dari masa lalu.
8. Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Fungsi
Menjelaskan aktivitas yang berlangsung selama beberapa waktu sebelum kejadian lain di masa lalu.
Rumus
Positif:
Subject + had + been + V-ing
Negatif:
Subject + had + not + been + V-ing
Interogatif:
Had + Subject + been + V-ing?
Contoh
Positif:
He had been working for five hours before he took a break.
Negatif:
He had not been working for five hours before he took a break.
Interogatif:
Had he been working for five hours before he took a break?
Tips Mudah
Past Perfect = fokus hasil.
Past Perfect Continuous = fokus durasi.
FUTURE TENSES
9. Simple Future Tense
Fungsi
Digunakan untuk:
Prediksi
Janji
Keputusan spontan
Rencana masa depan
Rumus
Positif:
Subject + will + V1
Negatif:
Subject + will + not + V1
Interogatif:
Will + Subject + V1?
Contoh
Positif:
I will call you tonight.
Negatif:
I will not call you tonight.
Interogatif:
Will you call me tonight?
10. Future Continuous Tense
Fungsi
Menunjukkan aktivitas yang sedang berlangsung pada waktu tertentu di masa depan.
Rumus
Positif:
Subject + will + be + V-ing
Negatif:
Subject + will + not + be + V-ing
Interogatif:
Will + Subject + be + V-ing?
Contoh
Positif:
This time tomorrow, I will be traveling to Jakarta.
Negatif:
This time tomorrow, I will not be traveling to Jakarta.
Interogatif:
Will you be traveling to Jakarta tomorrow?
Tips Mudah
Bayangkan aktivitas yang sedang berlangsung pada titik waktu tertentu di masa depan.
11. Future Perfect Tense
Fungsi
Menunjukkan aktivitas yang akan selesai sebelum waktu tertentu di masa depan.
Rumus
Positif:
Subject + will + have + V3
Negatif:
Subject + will + not + have + V3
Interogatif:
Will + Subject + have + V3?
Contoh
Positif:
By next month, she will have graduated.
Negatif:
By next month, she will not have graduated.
Interogatif:
Will she have graduated by next month?
12. Future Perfect Continuous Tense
Fungsi
Menunjukkan durasi aktivitas yang akan terus berlangsung hingga titik waktu tertentu di masa depan.
Rumus
Positif:
Subject + will + have + been + V-ing
Negatif:
Subject + will + not + have + been + V-ing
Interogatif:
Will + Subject + have + been + V-ing?
Contoh
Positif:
By December, I will have been teaching for ten years.
Negatif:
I will not have been teaching for ten years by December.
Interogatif:
Will you have been teaching for ten years by December?
PAST FUTURE TENSES
13. Simple Past Future Tense
Fungsi
Menjelaskan masa depan dari sudut pandang masa lalu.
Rumus
Positif:
Subject + would + V1
Negatif:
Subject + would + not + V1
Interogatif:
Would + Subject + V1?
Contoh
Positif:
He said he would help me.
Negatif:
He said he would not help me.
Interogatif:
Would he help me?
Tips Mudah
Biasanya ditemukan pada reported speech.
14. Past Future Continuous Tense
Fungsi
Menunjukkan aktivitas yang akan sedang berlangsung di masa depan, tetapi dilihat dari masa lalu.
Rumus
Positif:
Subject + would + be + V-ing
Negatif:
Subject + would + not + be + V-ing
Interogatif:
Would + Subject + be + V-ing?
Contoh
Positif:
She thought I would be waiting at the station.
Negatif:
She thought I would not be waiting at the station.
Interogatif:
Would I be waiting at the station?
15. Past Future Perfect Tense
Fungsi
Menunjukkan aktivitas yang diperkirakan sudah selesai di masa depan dari sudut pandang masa lalu.
Rumus
Positif:
Subject + would + have + V3
Negatif:
Subject + would + not + have + V3
Interogatif:
Would + Subject + have + V3?
Contoh
Positif:
They believed she would have completed the project.
Negatif:
They believed she would not have completed the project.
Interogatif:
Would she have completed the project?
16. Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense
Fungsi
Menjelaskan durasi suatu aktivitas yang diperkirakan telah berlangsung dalam perspektif masa lalu.
Rumus
Positif:
Subject + would + have + been + V-ing
Negatif:
Subject + would + not + have + been + V-ing
Interogatif:
Would + Subject + have + been + V-ing?
Contoh
Positif:
He thought he would have been living there for five years by 2020.
Negatif:
He thought he would not have been living there for five years by 2020.
Interogatif:
Would he have been living there for five years by 2020?
Ringkasan Cepat 16 Tenses
| No | Tense | Kata Kunci |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Simple Present | Kebiasaan, fakta |
| 2 | Present Continuous | Sedang terjadi |
| 3 | Present Perfect | Sudah selesai, efek masih ada |
| 4 | Present Perfect Continuous | Sudah berlangsung dan masih berlanjut |
| 5 | Simple Past | Sudah terjadi dan selesai |
| 6 | Past Continuous | Sedang terjadi di masa lalu |
| 7 | Past Perfect | Terjadi lebih dulu di masa lalu |
| 8 | Past Perfect Continuous | Durasi sebelum kejadian lain di masa lalu |
| 9 | Simple Future | Akan terjadi |
| 10 | Future Continuous | Akan sedang berlangsung |
| 11 | Future Perfect | Akan sudah selesai |
| 12 | Future Perfect Continuous | Akan sudah berlangsung selama... |
| 13 | Simple Past Future | Akan terjadi (dari sudut pandang masa lalu) |
| 14 | Past Future Continuous | Akan sedang berlangsung (dari masa lalu) |
| 15 | Past Future Perfect | Akan sudah selesai (dari masa lalu) |
| 16 | Past Future Perfect Continuous | Akan sudah berlangsung selama... (dari masa lalu) |
Cara paling mudah menghafal 16 tenses:
Simple → fokus pada fakta/kejadian.
Continuous → fokus pada proses yang sedang berlangsung.
Perfect → fokus pada hasil atau sesuatu yang sudah selesai.
Perfect Continuous → fokus pada durasi aktivitas.
Lalu kombinasikan dengan waktu:
Present = sekarang
Past = masa lalu
Future = masa depan
Past Future = masa depan dari sudut pandang masa lalu.
